What is a quantum computer?

Many of us think of quantum computers as upgraded versions of our normal computers. But while both candles and electric lights provide light, just as a candle cannot provide light like a light bulb, there is a huge gap between a classical or ordinary computer and a quantum computer. Due to the high-speed computing capabilities of quantum computers, many large companies are investing huge amounts of money in these computers. But what are the special features of this computer?

To understand quantum computers, we need to go into the very small range of electrons, protons, and neutrons. From secondary school, we know that electrons in atoms are located in specific orbits. But in modern physics, Paul Dirac gave an unforgettable idea of the position and behavior of the electron. In his mentioned superposition theory, he showed that electrons do not actually occupy specific orbits. Rather, they are located in a certain place at the same time. It’s like, you’re left alone on an empty street. Now if anyone wants to find you on the street you should have a specific location. But if you can behave like an electron, you can be found everywhere on the road as well. Which is called the superposition theory of the electron. Here you are nowhere and everywhere.

In normal computers, everything works as two binary digits 0 and 1. That is, either present or absent. But if it is possible to build a computer by applying this superposition theory of electrons, then all three positions are possible simultaneously. 0, 1, or 0 and 1 simultaneously. As a result, the speed of the computer will increase many times. How Suppose you put 5 different files? whose names are 0011, 0101, 1100, 1010, and 1111 according to binary digits. Now if you want to find a specific file by searching then first search 0 digits and read 1 digit search. Then the file that matches their search combination will be opened in front of you. But if 0 and 1 work together instead of separately, then scanning all files simultaneously will give you the exact result. That will increase the speed of the computer.

But here a problem will arise. Whereas in normal computers temperature changes would not have much effect on the position of electrons, in quantum computers a small temperature change will cause a large change in the electron’s trajectory. From which big complications can be created. So here it is very important to keep the temperature fixed at a certain value. So the entire device can be immersed in liquid nitrogen. So in that case, even if the speed of work increases, the size and price of the device will increase a lot.