Hijra
-It is a congenital or biological problem. It can be proved by lab tests (genetic and biochemical).
-This is a very unusual occurrence. One in every 5000 children may be transgender.
-Can be born with ambiguous external reproductive organs. For some, puberty, even at the age of 20-25, can cause physical changes.
-Someone growing up as a real girl may identify as male (genetically) when reaching puberty but not menstruating or bleeding.
-Hormones or surgery do not make a perfect woman or man who can bear children.

Transgender
-This identity is a self-perceived mental state that has nothing to do with birth sex. A boy or girl feels ‘stuck in the wrong body’.
-It cannot usually be proven by lab tests. It is self-identified.
-It doesn’t matter if you become transgender through hormones or surgery. This identity can manifest itself in: name changes (eg from male to female), new pronouns – from He to She, or -They; Dress changes, make-up changes (eg nail polish, hair done like girls)
-A uterus cannot be created by surgery, nor can a functioning penis be created through which to ejaculate.
-According to research, 20% of transgender people in America and Britain undergo medical treatment to achieve some external female or male characteristics
-97% of trans women have penises, just like trans men have vaginas.

Joseph John Thomson, born on December 18, 1856, in Manchester, England, and passing away on August 30, 1940, in Cambridge, England, was a prominent British physicist renowned for his pioneering research on the nature of electrical currents in gases. He is best known for his discovery of the electron and his work on the structure of the atom.

Here are some key discoveries and contributions associated with Joseph John Thomson:

Discovery of the Electron (1897): Thomson conducted experiments with cathode rays in a vacuum tube and discovered the existence of particles much smaller than atoms, which he named “corpuscles” (later known as electrons). This discovery challenged the prevailing atomic model and laid the foundation for the development of modern atomic theory.

Plum Pudding Model (1904): Based on his electron discovery, Thomson proposed a new atomic model known as the “plum pudding model.” He envisioned atoms as a positively charged “pudding” with embedded negatively charged electrons, resembling plums within the pudding. Though later refined and replaced, this model was a significant step in understanding atomic structure.

Mass-to-Charge Ratio of Electrons (1897): Through experiments with cathode rays, Thomson determined the mass-to-charge ratio of electrons, providing critical insights into the fundamental properties of these subatomic particles.

Nobel Prize in Physics (1906): Joseph John Thomson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906 for his investigations into the electrical conductivity of gases, recognizing his pioneering research on the conduction of electricity in gases.

Further Atomic Structure Studies (1910s-1930s): Thomson’s work on atomic structure and electrons paved the way for further research and development of atomic theory, particularly with the later discoveries of the nucleus and the quantized energy levels of electrons.

Joseph John Thomson’s discoveries fundamentally changed the understanding of atomic and subatomic particles, revolutionizing the field of physics. His work on electrons and the structure of atoms set the stage for the advancements that followed, laying the groundwork for the modern atomic model.

Ulf von Euler, born on February 7, 1905, in Stockholm, Sweden, and passing away on March 9, 1983, was a Swedish physiologist and pharmacologist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1970 for his groundbreaking discoveries concerning neurotransmitters and their role in the transmission of nerve impulses.

Here are some key discoveries and contributions associated with Ulf von Euler:

Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) as a Neurotransmitter (1946): Ulf von Euler, along with his colleagues, identified and characterized noradrenaline (also known as norepinephrine) as a neurotransmitter in the nervous system. This discovery was pivotal in understanding how nerve impulses are transmitted between nerve cells.

Catecholamines and Sympathetic Nervous System (1950s): Von Euler’s research significantly contributed to the understanding of the sympathetic nervous system and its involvement in regulating various physiological functions, such as heart rate and blood pressure. His work on catecholamines, including noradrenaline, shed light on their role as neurotransmitters and hormones.

Autonomic Nervous System and Hypertension (1956): Ulf von Euler’s research on the autonomic nervous system helped elucidate its role in the regulation of blood pressure and other vital physiological processes. His discoveries had important implications for understanding and treating conditions like hypertension.

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1970): Ulf von Euler was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1970, sharing it with Sir Bernard Katz and Julius Axelrod. Von Euler was recognized for his discoveries concerning the role and mechanisms of the storage, release, and inactivation of neurotransmitters in nerve cells.

Prostaglandins (1970s): Later in his career, Ulf von Euler conducted research on prostaglandins, lipid compounds that have diverse effects in the body, such as regulating inflammation, blood flow, and other physiological processes. His work significantly advanced the understanding of prostaglandin function.

Ulf von Euler’s pioneering research in neurophysiology and pharmacology played a critical role in unraveling the intricate mechanisms involved in the transmission of nerve impulses and the regulation of physiological functions. His discoveries continue to underpin modern neuroscience and have had a lasting impact on the field of medicine.

Power Grid Company of Bangladesh (PGCB) is a Bangladeshi public limited company listed at the Dhaka Stock Exchange and Chittagong Stock Exchange.

This company is responsible for Operation, Maintenance and Development of the transmission system of the Country. PGCB is also fully responsible to construct new electrical transmission lines and grid sub-stations.